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1. Statements: is the form of simple sentences are the foundation stone of all the English sentences. Their primary function is to convey information, in a positive way or in a negative way. There are two major types statements on a polarity-positive statements and negative statements.简 单句的陈述句是所有英语句子的基础。其基本功能是以肯定或者否定形式提供信息。因此， 陈述句有两大不同类型，肯定陈述句，否定陈述句。
2. Non-assertive sentence is either an interrogative sentence or a negative sentence. It is associated to non-assertive words and negative words. 非肯定句可以是否定也可以是疑问句， 取决于非肯定词和否定词。
3. Yes ?No question can be answered by YES or NO.
4. WH-question: begin with WH- series of words.
5. Tag- questions: normally consists of a statement and a question tag.
6. Exclamation: express our impression, especially our surprise, excitement, amazement, etc. It doesn’t take S-V inversion.
1. What are the four major types of sentences and what discourse function are they normally associated with? The four major types of sentences are declaratives, interratives, impenatives and exclamatives. These four types are respectively associated with giving information, requiring information, requiring actions and expressing the speaker’s impression of something.
2. Explain the conditions in which we need to use non-assertive words in positive statements and assertive words in questions. There are four conditions in which we need to use non-assertive words in positive statements: (
1) after words that have negative import, e.g. He is took weak to do any hard work. (
2) if clauses, e.g. If anyone calls me, it must be John. (
3) putative should-clauses, e.g. It’s odd that he should say anything like that. (
4) comparative clauses, e.g. He is better than anyone else in his class. When a positive answer is expected, assertive word can be used in questions, e.g. Is there some news for me?
3. What are the verbs which transferred negation after occurs with? What is there shared semantic feature? The verbs transferred negation often occurs with are: think, believe, suppose, imagine and expect. Their shared semantic feature is to express “opinion"
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Since I left my country, I have been very homesick. Physics, as well as mathematics, is important to us. By the time the course ends, we’ll have learnt a lot about market economy. Betty said that she would arrive at the airport till noon. If you had others do your homework, you might as well have them eat your lunch. This recorder needs repairing. It is believed that he have made up his mind to divorce his life. Hardly had sat down when I heard someone knock at the door. Small as it is, the job is worth doing. We were to have been in France now, but the flight was put off. You talked as though it were a small thing to leave the country for good. Let me start with a lesser issue before I explain the problem of our major concern. I went to see my parents on National Day. Not until the game had began did he arrive at the sports ground. Gina couldn’t open the door because she had forgotten the key. Chemically pure iron had little practical use. The novel by Cao Xueqin eventually got translated into English. There are fewer opportunities for employment in the rural area. All but him and me are going to the exhibition. I’ll phone you immediately I get the news. He gave his son a good piece of advice. I like Tom but I don’t like his talking to me like that. It is required that all the students be present at the meeting tomorrow. My father cannot have said such a thing. No one thought that John’s suggestion was worth considering. Mary earns twice as much as Jane does, but she spends less money on cosmetics than Jane. What he has done is superior to what I have done. The building suddenly collapsed while it was being pulled down. All the applicants will be assessed by means of an interview. Were I in her place, I would think differently. Susan is tall and thin. In contract, her sister is short and fat. The sun sank blow the horizon. The book has been translated into many languages so far. We had supplies enough to finish all the experiments. >enough supplies Whole Chicago was excited at the …… > the whole of Chicago/All Chicago No sooner had she apologized when he forgave her. >no sooner …… than I killed the spider by newspaper. >with newspaper His father is an English teacher all his life. > has been
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a glass beer a peal roll of thunder a peal/fit of laughter a ray sunshine a bar of chocolate a cake/bar of soap a drop of oil a drop/bucket of water a swam/cluster of ants a stick of chalk a grain/bucket of sand a bottle/gallon/gill/pint/ of wine a display of courage a fit temper a peal of applause a flash/ray of light a display of power a board of directors. a staff of teachers a congregation of prayers a troupe of actors a bar of gold a cluster/bunch of flowers a packet/pack of cigarettes a bench of examiners an army of beggars
1. A crisis often occurs even in the best regulated family. Crises often occur even in the best regulated families.
2. I remember that I posted the letter. (Using a non-finite verb) I remember posting the letter.
3. That may be your lost car, can’t it?
4. Do you anticipate that there will be any real problem in getting support? Do you anticipate here being any real…… (Using a non-finite verb)
6. You can solve this problem only in this way. Only this way can you solve this problem. (Using inversion)
7. That he should refuse to help made her very disappointed. It made her very disappointed that he …… （Using extraposition）
8. I have not known him tell a lie. I have never known him tell a lie. (intensifier)
10. Perhaps he was working for Simons. He may have been working for Simons. (modal auxiliary)